dnf stuff

See merge request oss/shlax!2

.gitlab-ci.yml

@@ -2,14 +2,22 @@ build:
   cache:
     key: cache
     paths: [.cache]
-  image: yourlabs/shlax
-  script: pip install -U --user -e . && CACHE_DIR=$(pwd)/.cache ./shlaxfile.py -d
-    shlax build push
+  image: quay.io/buildah/stable
+  script:
+  - dnf install -y python3-pip
+  - pip3 install -U --user -e .[cli]
+  - CACHE_DIR=$(pwd)/.cache python3 ./shlaxfile.py build
   stage: build
+
+test:
+  image: yourlabs/python
+  stage: build
+  script:
+  - pip install -U --user -e .[test]
+  - py.test -sv tests
+
 pypi:
   image: yourlabs/python
   only: [tags]
   script: pypi-release
   stage: deploy
-test: {image: yourlabs/python, script: 'pip install -U --user -e .[test] && py.test
-    -svv tests', stage: build}

README.md

@@ -1,9 +1,8 @@
 # Shlax: Pythonic automation tool
 
 Shlax is a Python framework for system automation, initially with the purpose
-of replacing docker, docker-compose and ansible with a single tool, with the
-purpose of code-reuse. It may be viewed as "async fabric rewrite by a
-megalomanic Django fanboy".
+of replacing docker, docker-compose and ansible with a single tool with the
+purpose of code-reuse made possible by target abstraction.
 
 The pattern resolves around two moving parts: Actions and Targets.
 
@@ -121,6 +120,11 @@ class Thing:
         """Clean-up target after __call__"""
 ```
 
+### Colorful actions
+
+If an action defines a `colorize` method, it will be called with the colorset
+as argument for every output, this allows to code custom output rendering.
+
 ## Target
 
 A Target is mainly an object providing an abstraction layer over the system we
@@ -146,8 +150,109 @@ await say_hello()
 Every time a target execute an action, it will set the "status" attribute on it
 to "success" or "failure", and add it to the "results" attribute:
 
-```
+```python
 say_hello = Localhost(Run('echo hi'))
 await say_hello()
 say_hello.results  # contains the action with status="success"
 ```
+
+## Targets as Actions: the nesting story
+
+We've seen that any callable taking a target argument is good to be considered
+an action, and that targets are callables.
+
+To make a Target runnable like any action, all we had to do is add the target
+keyword argument to `Target.__call__`.
+
+But `target()` fills `self.results`, so nested action results would not
+propagate to the parent target.
+
+That's why if Target receives a non-None target argument, it will has to set
+`self.parent` with it.
+
+This allows nested targets to traverse parents and get to the root Target
+with `target.caller`, where it can then attach results to.
+
+This opens the nice side effect that a target implementation may call the
+parent target if any, you could write a Docker target as such:
+
+```python
+class Docker(Target):
+    def __init__(self, *actions, name):
+        self.name = name
+        super().__init__(*actions)
+
+    async def exec(self, *args):
+        return await self.parent.exec(*['docker', 'exec', self.name] + args)
+```
+
+This also means that you always need a parent with an exec implementation,
+there are two:
+
+- Localhost, executes on localhost
+- Stub, for testing
+
+The result of that design is that the following use cases are available:
+
+```python
+# This action installs my favorite package on any distro
+action = Packages('python3')
+
+# Run it right here: apt install python3
+Localhost()(action)
+
+# Or remotely: ssh yourhost apt install python3
+Ssh(host='yourhost')(action)
+
+# Let's make a container build receipe with that action
+build = Buildah(package)
+
+# Run it locally: buildah exec apt install python3
+Localhost()(build)
+
+# Or on a server: ssh yourhost build exec apt install python3
+Ssh(host='yourhost')(build)
+
+# Or on a server behingh a bastion:
+# ssh yourbastion ssh yourhost build exec apt install python3
+Localhost()(Ssh(host='bastion')(Ssh(host='yourhost')(build))
+
+# That's going to do the same
+Localhost(Ssh(
+    Ssh(
+        build,
+        host='yourhost'
+    ),
+    host='bastion'
+))()
+```
+
+## CLI
+
+You can execute Shlax actions directly on the command line with the `shlax` CLI
+command.
+
+For your own Shlaxfiles, you can build your CLI with your favorite CLI
+framework. If you decide to use `cli2`, then Shlax provides a thin layer on top
+of it: Group and Command objects made for Shlax objects.
+
+For example:
+
+```python
+yourcontainer = Container(
+    build=Buildah(
+        User('app', '/app', 1000),
+        Packages('python', 'unzip', 'findutils'),
+        Copy('setup.py', 'yourdir', '/app'),
+        base='archlinux',
+        commit='yourimage',
+    ),
+)
+
+
+if __name__ == '__main__':
+    print(Group(doc=__doc__).load(yourcontainer).entry_point())
+```
+
+The above will execute a cli2 command with each method of yourcontainer as a
+sub-command.

setup.py

@@ -5,10 +5,9 @@ setup(
     name='shlax',
     versioning='dev',
     setup_requires='setupmeta',
-    install_requires=['cli2'],
     extras_require=dict(
-        full=[
-            'pyyaml',
+        cli=[
+            'cli2>=2.2.2',
         ],
         test=[
             'pytest',
@@ -25,7 +24,7 @@ setup(
     python_requires='>=3',
     entry_points={
         'console_scripts': [
-            'shlax = shlax.cli:cli',
+            'shlax = shlax.cli:cli.entry_point',
         ],
     },
 )

shlax/actions/copy.py

@@ -0,0 +1,56 @@
+import asyncio
+import binascii
+import os
+
+
+class Copy:
+    def __init__(self, *args):
+        self.src = args[:-1]
+        self.dst = args[-1]
+
+    def listfiles(self):
+        if getattr(self, '_listfiles', None):
+            return self._listfiles
+
+        result = []
+        for src in self.src:
+            if os.path.isfile(src):
+                result.append(src)
+                continue
+
+            for root, dirs, files in os.walk(src):
+                if '__pycache__' in root:
+                    continue
+                result += [
+                    os.path.join(root, f)
+                    for f in files
+                    if not f.endswith('.pyc')
+                ]
+        self._listfiles = result
+        return result
+
+    async def __call__(self, target):
+        await target.mkdir(self.dst)
+
+        for path in self.listfiles():
+            if os.path.isdir(path):
+                await target.mkdir(os.path.join(self.dst, path))
+            elif '/' in path:
+                dirname = os.path.join(
+                    self.dst,
+                    '/'.join(path.split('/')[:-1])
+                )
+                await target.mkdir(dirname)
+                await target.copy(path, dirname)
+            else:
+                await target.copy(path, self.dst)
+
+    def __str__(self):
+        return f'Copy({", ".join(self.src)}, {self.dst})'
+
+    async def cachekey(self):
+        async def chksum(path):
+            with open(path, 'rb') as f:
+                return (path, str(binascii.crc32(f.read())))
+        results = await asyncio.gather(*[chksum(f) for f in self.listfiles()])
+        return {path: chks for path, chks in results}

shlax/actions/packages.py

@@ -0,0 +1,165 @@
+import asyncio
+import copy
+
+from datetime import datetime
+from glob import glob
+import os
+import subprocess
+from textwrap import dedent
+
+
+class Packages:
+    """
+    Package manager abstract layer with caching.
+
+    It's a central piece of the build process, and does iterate over other
+    container visitors in order to pick up packages. For example, the Pip
+    visitor will declare ``self.packages = dict(apt=['python3-pip'])``, and the
+    Packages visitor will pick it up.
+    """
+    regexps = {
+        #r'Installing ([\w\d-]+)': '{cyan}\\1',
+        r'Installing': '{cyan}lol',
+    }
+
+    mgrs = dict(
+        apk=dict(
+            update='apk update',
+            upgrade='apk upgrade',
+            install='apk add',
+        ),
+        apt=dict(
+            update='apt-get -y update',
+            upgrade='apt-get -y upgrade',
+            install='apt-get -y --no-install-recommends install',
+        ),
+        pacman=dict(
+            update='pacman -Sy',
+            upgrade='pacman -Su --noconfirm',
+            install='pacman -S --noconfirm',
+        ),
+        dnf=dict(
+            update='dnf makecache --assumeyes',
+            upgrade='dnf upgrade --best --assumeyes --skip-broken',  # noqa
+            install='dnf install --setopt=install_weak_deps=False --best --assumeyes',  # noqa
+        ),
+        yum=dict(
+            update='yum update',
+            upgrade='yum upgrade',
+            install='yum install',
+        ),
+    )
+
+    installed = []
+
+    def __init__(self, *packages, upgrade=True):
+        self.packages = []
+        self.upgrade = upgrade
+        for package in packages:
+            line = dedent(package).strip().replace('\n', ' ')
+            self.packages += line.split(' ')
+
+    @property
+    def cache_root(self):
+        if 'CACHE_DIR' in os.environ:
+            return os.path.join(os.getenv('CACHE_DIR'))
+        else:
+            return os.path.join(os.getenv('HOME'), '.cache')
+
+    async def update(self, target):
+        # run pkgmgr_setup functions ie. apk_setup
+        cachedir = await getattr(self, self.mgr + '_setup')(target)
+
+        lastupdate = None
+        if os.path.exists(cachedir + '/lastupdate'):
+            with open(cachedir + '/lastupdate', 'r') as f:
+                try:
+                    lastupdate = int(f.read().strip())
+                except:
+                    pass
+
+        if not os.path.exists(cachedir):
+            os.makedirs(cachedir)
+
+        now = int(datetime.now().strftime('%s'))
+        # cache for a week
+        if not lastupdate or now - lastupdate > 604800:
+            # crude lockfile implementation, should work against *most*
+            # race-conditions ...
+            lockfile = cachedir + '/update.lock'
+            if not os.path.exists(lockfile):
+                with open(lockfile, 'w+') as f:
+                    f.write(str(os.getpid()))
+
+                try:
+                    await target.rexec(self.cmds['update'])
+                finally:
+                    os.unlink(lockfile)
+
+                with open(cachedir + '/lastupdate', 'w+') as f:
+                    f.write(str(now))
+            else:
+                while os.path.exists(lockfile):
+                    print(f'{self.target} | Waiting for {lockfile} ...')
+                    await asyncio.sleep(1)
+
+    async def __call__(self, target):
+        cached = getattr(target, 'pkgmgr', None)
+        if cached:
+            self.mgr = cached
+        else:
+            mgr = await target.which(*self.mgrs.keys())
+            if mgr:
+                self.mgr = mgr[0].split('/')[-1]
+
+        if not self.mgr:
+            raise Exception('Packages does not yet support this distro')
+
+        self.cmds = self.mgrs[self.mgr]
+        await self.update(target)
+        if self.upgrade:
+            await target.rexec(self.cmds['upgrade'])
+
+        packages = []
+        for package in self.packages:
+            if ',' in package:
+                parts = package.split(',')
+                package = parts[0]
+                if self.mgr in parts[1:]:
+                    # include apt on apt
+                    packages.append(package)
+            else:
+                packages.append(package)
+
+        await target.rexec(*self.cmds['install'].split(' ') + packages)
+
+    async def apk_setup(self, target):
+        cachedir = os.path.join(self.cache_root, self.mgr)
+        await target.mount(cachedir, '/var/cache/apk')
+        # special step to enable apk cache
+        await target.rexec('ln -sf /var/cache/apk /etc/apk/cache')
+        return cachedir
+
+    async def dnf_setup(self, target):
+        cachedir = os.path.join(self.cache_root, self.mgr)
+        await target.mount(cachedir, f'/var/cache/{self.mgr}')
+        await target.rexec('echo keepcache=True >> /etc/dnf/dnf.conf')
+        return cachedir
+
+    async def apt_setup(self, target):
+        codename = (await self.rexec(
+            f'source {self.mnt}/etc/os-release; echo $VERSION_CODENAME'
+        )).out
+        cachedir = os.path.join(self.cache_root, self.mgr, codename)
+        await self.rexec('rm /etc/apt/apt.conf.d/docker-clean')
+        cache_archives = os.path.join(cachedir, 'archives')
+        await self.mount(cache_archives, f'/var/cache/apt/archives')
+        cache_lists = os.path.join(cachedir, 'lists')
+        await self.mount(cache_lists, f'/var/lib/apt/lists')
+        return cachedir
+
+    async def pacman_setup(self, target):
+        return self.cache_root + '/pacman'
+
+    def __str__(self):
+        return f'Packages({self.packages}, upgrade={self.upgrade})'

shlax/actions/pip.py

@@ -0,0 +1,69 @@
+from glob import glob
+import os
+from urllib import request
+
+from .base import Action
+
+
+class Pip(Action):
+    """Pip abstraction layer."""
+    def __init__(self, *pip_packages):
+        self.pip_packages = pip_packages
+
+    async def __call__(self, target):
+        # ensure python presence
+        results = await target.which('python3', 'python')
+        if results:
+            python = results[0]
+        else:
+            raise Exception('Could not find pip nor python')
+
+        # ensure pip module presence
+        result = await target.exec(python, '-m', 'pip', raises=False)
+        if result.rc != 0:
+            if not os.path.exists('get-pip.py'):
+                req = request.urlopen(
+                    'https://bootstrap.pypa.io/get-pip.py'
+                )
+                content = req.read()
+                with open('get-pip.py', 'wb+') as f:
+                    f.write(content)
+
+            await target.copy('get-pip.py', '.')
+            await target.exec(python, 'get-pip.py')
+
+        # choose a cache directory
+        if 'CACHE_DIR' in os.environ:
+            cache = os.path.join(os.getenv('CACHE_DIR'), 'pip')
+        else:
+            cache = os.path.join(os.getenv('HOME'), '.cache', 'pip')
+
+        # and mount it
+        if getattr(target, 'mount', None):
+            # we are in a target which shares a mount command
+            await target.mount(cache, '/root/.cache/pip')
+
+        source = []
+        nonsource = []
+        for package in self.pip_packages:
+            if os.path.exists(package):
+                source.append(package)
+            else:
+                nonsource.append(package)
+
+        if nonsource:
+            await target.exec(
+                python, '-m', 'pip',
+                'install', '--upgrade',
+                *nonsource
+            )
+
+        if source:
+            await target.exec(
+                python, '-m', 'pip',
+                'install', '--upgrade', '--editable',
+                *source
+            )
+
+    def __str__(self):
+        return f'Pip({", ".join(self.pip_packages)})'

shlax/actions/run.py

@@ -5,4 +5,7 @@ class Run:
         self.cmd = cmd
 
     async def __call__(self, target):
-        target.exec(self.cmd)
+        self.proc = await target.exec(self.cmd)
+
+    def __str__(self):
+        return f'Run({self.cmd})'

shlax/actions/user.py

@@ -0,0 +1,42 @@
+import os
+import re
+
+from .packages import Packages
+
+
+class User:
+    """
+    Create a user.
+
+    Example:
+
+        User('app', '/app', getenv('_CONTAINERS_ROOTLESS_UID', 1000)),
+
+    _CONTAINERS_ROOTLESS_UID allows to get your UID during build, which happens
+    in buildah unshare.
+    """
+    def __init__(self, username, home, uid):
+        self.username = username
+        self.home = home
+        self.uid = uid
+
+    def __str__(self):
+        return f'User({self.username}, {self.home}, {self.uid})'
+
+    async def __call__(self, target):
+        result = await target.rexec('id', self.uid)
+        if result.rc == 0:
+            old = re.match('.*\(([^)]*)\).*', result.out).group(1)
+            await target.rexec(
+                'usermod',
+                '-d', self.home,
+                '-l', self.username,
+                old
+            )
+        else:
+            await target.rexec(
+                'useradd',
+                '-d', self.home,
+                '-u', self.uid,
+                self.username
+            )

shlax/cli.py

@@ -0,0 +1,80 @@
+"""
+Shlax executes mostly in 3 ways:
+- Execute actions on targets with the command line
+- With your shlaxfile as first argument: offer defined Actions
+- With the name of a module in shlax.repo: a community maintained shlaxfile
+"""
+import ast
+import asyncio
+import cli2
+import glob
+import inspect
+import importlib
+import os
+import sys
+
+
+class Group(cli2.Group):
+    def __init__(self, *args, **kwargs):
+        super().__init__(*args, **kwargs)
+        self.cmdclass = Command
+
+
+class Command(cli2.Command):
+    def call(self, *args, **kwargs):
+        return self.shlax_target(self.target)
+
+    def __call__(self, *argv):
+        from shlax.targets.base import Target
+        self.shlax_target = Target()
+        result = super().__call__(*argv)
+        self.shlax_target.output.results(self.shlax_target)
+        return result
+
+
+class ActionCommand(Command):
+    def call(self, *args, **kwargs):
+        self.target = self.target(*args, **kwargs)
+        return super().call(*args, **kwargs)
+
+
+class ConsoleScript(Group):
+    def __call__(self, *argv):
+        self.load_actions()
+        #self.load_shlaxfiles()  # wip
+        return super().__call__(*argv)
+
+    def load_shlaxfiles(self):
+        filesdir = os.path.dirname(__file__) + '/shlaxfiles/'
+        for filename in os.listdir(filesdir):
+            filepath = filesdir + filename
+            if not os.path.isfile(filepath):
+                continue
+
+            with open(filepath, 'r') as f:
+                tree = ast.parse(f.read())
+            group = self.group(filename[:-3])
+
+            main = Group(doc=__doc__).load(shlax)
+
+    def load_actions(self):
+        actionsdir = os.path.dirname(__file__) + '/actions/'
+        for filename in os.listdir(actionsdir):
+            filepath = actionsdir + filename
+            if not os.path.isfile(filepath):
+                continue
+            with open(filepath, 'r') as f:
+                tree = ast.parse(f.read())
+            cls = [
+                node
+                for node in tree.body
+                if isinstance(node, ast.ClassDef)
+            ]
+            if not cls:
+                continue
+            mod = importlib.import_module('shlax.actions.' + filename[:-3])
+            cls = getattr(mod, cls[0].name)
+            self.add(cls, name=filename[:-3], cmdclass=ActionCommand)
+
+
+cli = ConsoleScript(doc=__doc__)

shlax/colors.py

@@ -0,0 +1,68 @@
+colors = dict(
+    cyan='\u001b[38;5;51m',
+    cyan1='\u001b[38;5;87m',
+    cyan2='\u001b[38;5;123m',
+    cyan3='\u001b[38;5;159m',
+    blue='\u001b[38;5;33m',
+    blue1='\u001b[38;5;69m',
+    blue2='\u001b[38;5;75m',
+    blue3='\u001b[38;5;81m',
+    blue4='\u001b[38;5;111m',
+    blue5='\u001b[38;5;27m',
+    green='\u001b[38;5;10m',
+    green1='\u001b[38;5;2m',
+    green2='\u001b[38;5;46m',
+    green3='\u001b[38;5;47m',
+    green4='\u001b[38;5;48m',
+    green5='\u001b[38;5;118m',
+    green6='\u001b[38;5;119m',
+    green7='\u001b[38;5;120m',
+    purple='\u001b[38;5;5m',
+    purple1='\u001b[38;5;6m',
+    purple2='\u001b[38;5;13m',
+    purple3='\u001b[38;5;164m',
+    purple4='\u001b[38;5;165m',
+    purple5='\u001b[38;5;176m',
+    purple6='\u001b[38;5;145m',
+    purple7='\u001b[38;5;213m',
+    purple8='\u001b[38;5;201m',
+    red='\u001b[38;5;1m',
+    red1='\u001b[38;5;9m',
+    red2='\u001b[38;5;196m',
+    red3='\u001b[38;5;160m',
+    red4='\u001b[38;5;197m',
+    red5='\u001b[38;5;198m',
+    red6='\u001b[38;5;199m',
+    yellow='\u001b[38;5;226m',
+    yellow1='\u001b[38;5;227m',
+    yellow2='\u001b[38;5;226m',
+    yellow3='\u001b[38;5;229m',
+    yellow4='\u001b[38;5;220m',
+    yellow5='\u001b[38;5;230m',
+    gray='\u001b[38;5;250m',
+    gray1='\u001b[38;5;251m',
+    gray2='\u001b[38;5;252m',
+    gray3='\u001b[38;5;253m',
+    gray4='\u001b[38;5;254m',
+    gray5='\u001b[38;5;255m',
+    gray6='\u001b[38;5;249m',
+    pink='\u001b[38;5;197m',
+    pink1='\u001b[38;5;198m',
+    pink2='\u001b[38;5;199m',
+    pink3='\u001b[38;5;200m',
+    pink4='\u001b[38;5;201m',
+    pink5='\u001b[38;5;207m',
+    pink6='\u001b[38;5;213m',
+    orange='\u001b[38;5;202m',
+    orange1='\u001b[38;5;208m',
+    orange2='\u001b[38;5;214m',
+    orange3='\u001b[38;5;220m',
+    orange4='\u001b[38;5;172m',
+    orange5='\u001b[38;5;166m',
+    reset='\u001b[0m',
+)
+
+colors.update({
+    k + 'bold': v.replace('[', '[1;')
+    for k, v in colors.items()
+})

shlax/container.py

@@ -0,0 +1,32 @@
+import os
+
+from .image import Image
+
+
+class Container:
+    def __init__(self, build=None, image=None):
+        self.build = build
+        self.image = self.build.image
+        prefix = os.getcwd().split('/')[-1]
+        repo = self.image.repository.replace('/', '-')
+        if prefix == repo:
+            self.name = repo
+        else:
+            self.name = '-'.join([prefix, repo])
+
+    async def start(self, target):
+        """Start the container"""
+        await target.rexec(
+            'podman',
+            'run',
+            '--name',
+            self.name,
+            str(self.image),
+        )
+
+    async def stop(self, target):
+        """Start the container"""
+        await target.rexec('podman', 'stop', self.name)
+
+    def __str__(self):
+        return f'Container(name={self.name}, image={self.image})'

shlax/image.py

@@ -0,0 +1,60 @@
+import copy
+import os
+import re
+
+
+class Image:
+    PATTERN = re.compile(
+        '^((?P<backend>[a-z]*)://)?((?P<registry>[^/]*[.][^/]*)/)?((?P<repository>[^:]+))?(:(?P<tags>.*))?$'  # noqa
+        , re.I
+    )
+
+    def __init__(self, arg=None, format=None, backend=None, registry=None, repository=None, tags=None):
+        self.arg = arg
+        self.format = format
+        self.backend = backend
+        self.registry = registry
+        self.repository = repository
+        self.tags = tags or []
+
+        match = re.match(self.PATTERN, arg)
+        if match:
+            for k, v in match.groupdict().items():
+                if getattr(self, k):
+                    continue
+                if not v:
+                    continue
+                if k == 'tags':
+                    v = v.split(',')
+                setattr(self, k, v)
+
+        # docker.io currently has issues with oci format
+        self.format = format or 'oci'
+        if self.registry == 'docker.io':
+            self.format = 'docker'
+
+        # filter out tags which resolved to None
+        self.tags = [t for t in self.tags if t]
+
+        # default tag by default ...
+        if not self.tags:
+            self.tags = ['latest']
+
+    def __str__(self):
+        return f'{self.repository}:{self.tags[-1]}'
+
+    async def push(self, *args, **kwargs):
+        user = os.getenv('DOCKER_USER')
+        passwd = os.getenv('DOCKER_PASS')
+        action = kwargs.get('action', self)
+        if user and passwd:
+            action.output.cmd('buildah login -u ... -p ...' + self.registry)
+            await action.exec('buildah', 'login', '-u', user, '-p', passwd, self.registry or 'docker.io', debug=False)
+
+        for tag in self.tags:
+            await action.exec('buildah', 'push', f'{self.repository}:{tag}')
+
+    def layer(self, key):
+        layer = copy.deepcopy(self)
+        layer.tags = ['layer-' + key]
+        return layer

shlax/output.py

@@ -0,0 +1,211 @@
+import re
+import sys
+import types
+
+from .colors import colors
+
+
+class Output:
+    prefixes = dict()
+    colors = colors
+    prefix_colors = (
+        '\x1b[1;36;45m',
+        '\x1b[1;36;41m',
+        '\x1b[1;36;40m',
+        '\x1b[1;37;45m',
+        '\x1b[1;32m',
+        '\x1b[1;37;44m',
+    )
+
+    def color(self, code=None):
+        if not code:
+            return '\u001b[0m'
+        code = str(code)
+        return u"\u001b[38;5;" + code + "m"
+
+    def colorize(self, code, content):
+        return self.color(code) + content + self.color()
+
+    def colorized(self, action):
+        if hasattr(action, 'colorized'):
+            return action.colorized(self.colors)
+        elif isinstance(action, types.MethodType):
+            return f'{action.__self__}.{action.__name__}'
+        else:
+            return str(action)
+
+    def __init__(
+            self,
+            prefix=None,
+            regexps=None,
+            debug='cmd,visit,out',
+            write=None,
+            flush=None,
+            **kwargs
+        ):
+        self.prefix = prefix
+        self.debug = debug
+        self.prefix_length = 0
+        self.regexps = regexps or dict()
+        self.write = write or sys.stdout.buffer.write
+        self.flush = flush or sys.stdout.flush
+        self.kwargs = kwargs
+
+    def prefix_line(self):
+        if self.prefix not in self.prefixes:
+            self.prefixes[self.prefix] = self.prefix_colors[len(self.prefixes)]
+            if len(self.prefix) > self.prefix_length:
+                self.prefix_length = len(self.prefix)
+
+        prefix_color = self.prefixes[self.prefix] if self.prefix else ''
+        prefix_padding = '.' * (self.prefix_length - len(self.prefix) - 2) if self.prefix else ''
+        if prefix_padding:
+            prefix_padding = ' ' + prefix_padding + ' '
+
+        return [
+            prefix_color,
+            prefix_padding,
+            self.prefix,
+            ' ',
+            self.colors['reset'],
+            '| '
+        ]
+
+    def __call__(self, line, highlight=True, flush=True):
+        line = [self.highlight(line) if highlight else line]
+        if self.prefix:
+            line = self.prefix_line() + line
+        line = ''.join(line)
+
+        self.write(line.encode('utf8'))
+
+        if flush:
+            self.flush()
+
+    def cmd(self, line):
+        self(
+            self.colorize(251, '+')
+            + '\x1b[1;38;5;15m'
+            + ' '
+            + self.highlight(line, 'bash')
+            + self.colors['reset']
+            + '\n',
+            highlight=False
+        )
+
+    def print(self, content):
+        self(
+            content,
+            prefix=None,
+            highlight=False
+        )
+
+    def highlight(self, line, highlight=True):
+        line = line.decode('utf8') if isinstance(line, bytes) else line
+        if not highlight or (
+            '\x1b[' in line
+            or '\033[' in line
+            or '\\e[' in line
+        ):
+            return line
+
+        for regexp, colors in self.regexps.items():
+            line = re.sub(regexp, colors.format(**self.colors), line)
+        line = line + self.colors['reset']
+
+        return line
+
+    def test(self, action):
+        self(''.join([
+            self.colors['purplebold'],
+            '!  TEST   ',
+            self.colors['reset'],
+            self.colorized(action),
+            '\n',
+        ]))
+
+    def clean(self, action):
+        if self.debug:
+            self(''.join([
+                self.colors['bluebold'],
+                '+  CLEAN  ',
+                self.colors['reset'],
+                self.colorized(action),
+                '\n',
+            ]))
+
+    def start(self, action):
+        if self.debug is True or 'visit' in str(self.debug):
+            self(''.join([
+                self.colors['orangebold'],
+                '⚠  START  ',
+                self.colors['reset'],
+                self.colorized(action),
+                '\n',
+            ]))
+
+    def info(self, text):
+        if self.debug is True or 'visit' in str(self.debug):
+            self(''.join([
+                self.colors['cyanbold'],
+                '➤   INFO  ',
+                self.colors['reset'],
+                text,
+                '\n',
+            ]))
+
+    def skip(self, action):
+        if self.debug is True or 'visit' in str(self.debug):
+            self(''.join([
+                self.colors['yellowbold'],
+                '↪️   SKIP  ',
+                self.colors['reset'],
+                self.colorized(action),
+                '\n',
+            ]))
+
+    def success(self, action):
+        if self.debug is True or 'visit' in str(self.debug):
+            self(''.join([
+                self.colors['greenbold'],
+                '✔ SUCCESS ',
+                self.colors['reset'],
+                self.colorized(action),
+                '\n',
+            ]))
+
+    def fail(self, action, exception=None):
+        if self.debug is True or 'visit' in str(self.debug):
+            self(''.join([
+                self.colors['redbold'],
+                '✘  FAIL   ',
+                self.colors['reset'],
+                self.colorized(action),
+                '\n',
+            ]))
+
+    def results(self, action):
+        success = 0
+        fail = 0
+        for result in action.results:
+            if result.status == 'success':
+                success += 1
+            if result.status == 'failure':
+                fail += 1
+
+        self(''.join([
+            self.colors['greenbold'],
+            '✔ SUCCESS REPORT: ',
+            self.colors['reset'],
+            str(success),
+            '\n',
+        ]))
+
+        if fail:
+            self(''.join([
+                self.colors['redbold'],
+                '✘  FAIL REPORT: ',
+                self.colors['reset'],
+                str(fail),
+                '\n',
+            ]))

shlax/pod.py

@@ -0,0 +1,26 @@
+import cli2
+
+from shlax.targets.base import Target
+from shlax.actions.parallel import Parallel
+
+
+class Pod:
+    """Help text"""
+    def __init__(self, **containers):
+        self.containers = containers
+
+    async def _call(self, target, method, *names):
+        methods = [
+            getattr(container, method)
+            for name, container in self.containers.items()
+            if not names or name in names
+        ]
+        await target(Parallel(*methods))
+
+    async def build(self, target, *names):
+        """Build container images"""
+        await self._call(target, 'build', *names)
+
+    async def start(self, target, *names):
+        """Start container images"""
+        await self._call(target, 'start', *names)

shlax/proc.py

@@ -32,21 +32,21 @@ class PrefixStreamProtocol(asyncio.subprocess.SubprocessStreamProtocol):
     make asynchronous output readable.
     """
 
-    def __init__(self, output, *args, **kwargs):
-        self.output = output
+    def __init__(self, proc, *args, **kwargs):
+        self.proc = proc
         super().__init__(*args, **kwargs)
 
     def pipe_data_received(self, fd, data):
-        if self.output.debug is True or 'out' in str(self.output.debug):
+        if self.proc.output.debug is True or 'out' in str(self.proc.output.debug):
             if fd in (1, 2):
-                self.output(data)
+                self.proc.output(data)
         super().pipe_data_received(fd, data)
 
 
-def protocol_factory(output):
+def protocol_factory(proc):
     def _p():
         return PrefixStreamProtocol(
-            output,
+            proc,
             limit=asyncio.streams._DEFAULT_LIMIT,
             loop=asyncio.events.get_event_loop()
         )
@@ -69,8 +69,11 @@ class Proc:
     """
     test = False
 
-    def __init__(self, *args, prefix=None, raises=True, output=None):
-        self.output = output or Output()
+    def __init__(self, *args, prefix=None, raises=True, output=None, quiet=False):
+        if quiet:
+            self.output = Output(debug=False)
+        else:
+            self.output = output or Output()
         self.cmd = ' '.join(args)
         self.args = args
         self.prefix = prefix
@@ -112,7 +115,7 @@ class Proc:
 
         loop = asyncio.events.get_event_loop()
         transport, protocol = await loop.subprocess_exec(
-            protocol_factory(self.output), *self.args)
+            protocol_factory(self), *self.args)
         self.proc = asyncio.subprocess.Process(transport, protocol, loop)
         self.called = True
 

shlax/result.py

@@ -3,6 +3,7 @@ class Result:
         self.target = target
         self.action = action
         self.status = 'pending'
+        self.exception = None
 
 
 class Results(list):

shlax/shortcuts.py

@@ -1,4 +1,18 @@
 from .targets.base import Target
 from .targets.buildah import Buildah
+from .targets.localhost import Localhost
+from .targets.stub import Stub
 
+from .actions.copy import Copy
+from .actions.packages import Packages
 from .actions.run import Run
+from .actions.pip import Pip
+from .actions.parallel import Parallel
+from .actions.user import User
+
+from .cli import Command, Group
+
+from .container import Container
+from .pod import Pod
+
+from os import getenv, environ

shlax/targets/base.py

@@ -1,27 +1,146 @@
+import asyncio
 import copy
+from pathlib import Path
+import os
+import re
+import sys
 
+from ..output import Output
+from ..proc import Proc
 from ..result import Result, Results
 
 
 class Target:
-    def __init__(self, *actions, **options):
+    def __init__(self, *actions, root=None):
         self.actions = actions
-        self.options = options
         self.results = []
+        self.output = Output()
+        self.parent = None
+        self.root = root or os.getcwd()
+
+    @property
+    def parent(self):
+        return self._parent or Target()
+
+    @parent.setter
+    def parent(self, value):
+        self._parent = value
+
+    @property
+    def caller(self):
+        """Traverse parents and return the top-levels Target."""
+        if not self._parent:
+            return self
+        caller = self._parent
+        while caller._parent:
+            caller = caller._parent
+        return caller
+
+    async def __call__(self, *actions, target=None):
+        if target:
+            # that's going to be used by other target methods, to access
+            # the calling target
+            self.parent = target
 
-    async def __call__(self, *actions):
         for action in actions or self.actions:
-            try:
-                await action(self)
-            except Exception as e:
-                action.status = 'failure'
-                action.exception = e
-                if actions:
-                    # nested call, re-raise
-                    raise
-                else:
-                    break
+            if await self.action(action, reraise=bool(actions)):
+                break
+
+    async def action(self, action, reraise=False):
+        result = Result(self, action)
+        self.output.start(action)
+        try:
+            await action(target=self)
+        except Exception as e:
+            self.output.fail(action, e)
+            result.status = 'failure'
+            result.exception = e
+            if reraise:
+                # nested call, re-raise
+                raise
             else:
-                action.status = 'success'
-            finally:
-                self.results.append(action)
+                import traceback
+                traceback.print_exception(type(e), e, sys.exc_info()[2])
+                return True
+        else:
+            self.output.success(action)
+            result.status = 'success'
+        finally:
+            self.caller.results.append(result)
+
+            clean = getattr(action, 'clean', None)
+            if clean:
+                self.output.clean(action)
+                await clean(self, result)
+
+    async def rexec(self, *args, **kwargs):
+        kwargs['user'] = 'root'
+        return await self.exec(*args, **kwargs)
+
+    async def which(self, *cmd):
+        """
+        Return the first path to the cmd in the container.
+
+        If cmd argument is a list then it will try all commands.
+        """
+        proc = await self.exec('type ' + ' '.join(cmd), raises=False)
+        result = []
+        for res in proc.out.split('\n'):
+            match = re.match('([^ ]+) is ([^ ]+)$', res.strip())
+            if match:
+                result.append(match.group(1))
+        return result
+
+    def shargs(self, *args, **kwargs):
+        user = kwargs.pop('user', None)
+        args = [str(arg) for arg in args if args is not None]
+
+        if args and ' ' in args[0]:
+            if len(args) == 1:
+                args = ['sh', '-euc', args[0]]
+            else:
+                args = ['sh', '-euc'] + list(args)
+
+        if user == 'root':
+            args = ['sudo'] + args
+        elif user:
+            args = ['sudo', '-u', user] + args
+
+        return args, kwargs
+
+        if self.parent:
+            return self.parent.shargs(*args, **kwargs)
+        else:
+            return args, kwargs
+
+    async def exec(self, *args, **kwargs):
+        kwargs['output'] = self.output
+        args, kwargs = self.shargs(*args, **kwargs)
+        proc = await Proc(*args, **kwargs)()
+        if kwargs.get('wait', True):
+            await proc.wait()
+        return proc
+
+    @property
+    def root(self):
+        return self._root
+
+    @root.setter
+    def root(self, value):
+        self._root = Path(value or os.getcwd())
+
+    def path(self, path):
+        if str(path).startswith('/'):
+            path = str(path)[1:]
+        return self.root / path
+
+    async def mkdir(self, path):
+        if '_mkdir' not in self.__dict__:
+            self._mkdir = []
+        path = str(path)
+        if path not in self._mkdir:
+            await self.exec('mkdir', '-p', path)
+            self._mkdir.append(path)
+
+    async def copy(self, *args):
+        return await self.exec('cp', '-a', *args)

shlax/targets/buildah.py

@@ -1,5 +1,224 @@
+import asyncio
+import copy
+import hashlib
+import json
+import os
+import sys
+from pathlib import Path
+
 from .base import Target
 
+from ..image import Image
+from ..proc import Proc
+
 
 class Buildah(Target):
-    pass
+    """Build container image with buildah"""
+
+    def __init__(self,
+                 *actions,
+                 base=None, commit=None,
+                 cmd=None):
+        self.base = base or 'alpine'
+        self.image = Image(commit) if commit else None
+
+        self.ctr = None
+        self.root = None
+        self.mounts = dict()
+
+        self.config = dict(
+            cmd=cmd or 'sh',
+        )
+
+        # Always consider localhost as parent for now
+        self.parent = Target()
+
+        super().__init__(*actions)
+
+    def is_runnable(self):
+        return Proc.test or os.getuid() == 0
+
+    def __str__(self):
+        if not self.is_runnable():
+            return 'Replacing with: buildah unshare ' + ' '.join(sys.argv)
+        return f'Buildah({self.image})'
+
+    async def __call__(self, *actions, target=None):
+        if target:
+            self.parent = target
+
+        if not self.is_runnable():
+            os.execvp('buildah', ['buildah', 'unshare'] + sys.argv)
+            # program has been replaced
+
+        layers = await self.layers()
+        keep = await self.cache_setup(layers, *actions)
+        keepnames = [*map(lambda x: 'localhost/' + str(x), keep)]
+        self.invalidate = [name for name in layers if name not in keepnames]
+        if self.invalidate:
+            self.output.info('Invalidating old layers')
+            await self.parent.exec(
+                'buildah', 'rmi', *self.invalidate, raises=False)
+
+        if actions:
+            actions = actions[len(keep):]
+            if not actions:
+                return self.uptodate()
+        else:
+            self.actions = self.actions[len(keep):]
+            if not self.actions:
+                return self.uptodate()
+
+        self.ctr = (await self.parent.exec('buildah', 'from', self.base)).out
+        self.root = Path((await self.parent.exec('buildah', 'mount', self.ctr)).out)
+
+        return await super().__call__(*actions)
+
+    def uptodate(self):
+        self.clean = None
+        self.output.success('Image up to date')
+        return
+
+    async def layers(self):
+        ret = set()
+        results = await self.parent.exec(
+            'buildah images --json',
+            quiet=True,
+        )
+        results = json.loads(results.out)
+
+        prefix = 'localhost/' + self.image.repository + ':layer-'
+        for result in results:
+            if not result.get('names', None):
+                continue
+            for name in result['names']:
+                if name.startswith(prefix):
+                    ret.add(name)
+        return ret
+
+    async def cache_setup(self, layers, *actions):
+        keep = []
+        self.image_previous = Image(self.base)
+        for action in actions or self.actions:
+            action_image = await self.action_image(action)
+            name = 'localhost/' + str(action_image)
+            if name in layers:
+                self.base = self.image_previous = action_image
+                keep.append(action_image)
+                self.output.skip(
+                    f'Found layer for {action}: {action_image.tags[0]}'
+                )
+            else:
+                break
+        return keep
+
+    async def action_image(self, action):
+        prefix = str(self.image_previous)
+        for tag in self.image_previous.tags:
+            if tag.startswith('layer-'):
+                prefix = tag
+                break
+        if hasattr(action, 'cachekey'):
+            action_key = action.cachekey()
+            if asyncio.iscoroutine(action_key):
+                action_key = str(await action_key)
+        else:
+            action_key = str(action)
+        key = prefix + action_key
+        sha1 = hashlib.sha1(key.encode('ascii'))
+        return self.image.layer(sha1.hexdigest())
+
+    async def action(self, action, reraise=False):
+        stop = await super().action(action, reraise)
+        if not stop:
+            action_image = await self.action_image(action)
+            self.output.info(f'Commiting {action_image} for {action}')
+            await self.parent.exec(
+                'buildah',
+                'commit',
+                '--format=' + action_image.format,
+                self.ctr,
+                action_image,
+            )
+            self.image_previous = action_image
+        return stop
+
+    async def clean(self, target, result):
+        for src, dst in self.mounts.items():
+            await self.parent.exec('umount', self.root / str(dst)[1:])
+
+        if self.root is not None:
+            await self.parent.exec('buildah', 'umount', self.ctr)
+
+        if self.ctr is not None:
+            if result.status == 'success':
+                await self.commit()
+
+            await self.parent.exec('buildah', 'rm', self.ctr)
+
+            if result.status == 'success' and os.getenv('BUILDAH_PUSH'):
+                await self.image.push(target)
+
+    async def mount(self, src, dst):
+        """Mount a host directory into the container."""
+        target = self.root / str(dst)[1:]
+        await self.parent.exec(f'mkdir -p {src} {target}')
+        await self.parent.exec(f'mount -o bind {src} {target}')
+        self.mounts[src] = dst
+
+    async def exec(self, *args, user=None, **kwargs):
+        _args = ['buildah', 'run']
+        if user:
+            _args += ['--user', user]
+        _args += [self.ctr, '--', 'sh', '-euc']
+        _args += [' '.join([str(a) for a in args])]
+        return await self.parent.exec(*_args, **kwargs)
+
+    async def commit(self, image=None):
+        image = image or self.image
+        if not image:
+            return
+
+        if not image:
+            # don't go through that if layer commit
+            for key, value in self.config.items():
+                await self.parent.exec(f'buildah config --{key} "{value}" {self.ctr}')
+
+        self.sha = (await self.parent.exec(
+            'buildah',
+            'commit',
+            '--format=' + image.format,
+            self.ctr,
+        )).out
+
+        ENV_TAGS = (
+            # gitlab
+            'CI_COMMIT_SHORT_SHA',
+            'CI_COMMIT_REF_NAME',
+            'CI_COMMIT_TAG',
+            # CircleCI
+            'CIRCLE_SHA1',
+            'CIRCLE_TAG',
+            'CIRCLE_BRANCH',
+            # contributions welcome here
+        )
+
+        # figure tags from CI vars
+        for name in ENV_TAGS:
+            value = os.getenv(name)
+            if value:
+                self.image.tags.append(value)
+
+        if image.tags:
+            tags = [f'{image.repository}:{tag}' for tag in image.tags]
+        else:
+            tags = [image.repository]
+
+        for tag in tags:
+            await self.parent.exec('buildah', 'tag', self.sha, tag)
+
+    async def mkdir(self, path):
+        return await self.parent.mkdir(self.path(path))
+
+    async def copy(self, *args):
+        return await self.parent.copy(*args[:-1], self.path(args[-1]))

shlax/targets/localhost.py

@@ -0,0 +1,40 @@
+import copy
+import re
+
+from ..output import Output
+from ..proc import Proc
+from ..result import Result, Results
+
+from .base import Target
+
+
+class Localhost(Target):
+    def shargs(self, *args, **kwargs):
+        user = kwargs.pop('user', None)
+        args = [str(arg) for arg in args if args is not None]
+
+        if args and ' ' in args[0]:
+            if len(args) == 1:
+                args = ['sh', '-euc', args[0]]
+            else:
+                args = ['sh', '-euc'] + list(args)
+
+        if user == 'root':
+            args = ['sudo'] + args
+        elif user:
+            args = ['sudo', '-u', user] + args
+
+        return args, kwargs
+
+        if self.parent:
+            return self.parent.shargs(*args, **kwargs)
+        else:
+            return args, kwargs
+
+    async def exec(self, *args, **kwargs):
+        kwargs['output'] = self.output
+        args, kwargs = self.shargs(*args, **kwargs)
+        proc = await Proc(*args, **kwargs)()
+        if kwargs.get('wait', True):
+            await proc.wait()
+        return proc

shlax/targets/stub.py

@@ -0,0 +1,23 @@
+from ..proc import Proc
+
+from .base import Target
+
+
+class ProcStub(Proc):
+    async def __call__(self, wait=True):
+        return self
+
+    async def communicate(self):
+        self.communicated = True
+        return self
+
+    async def wait(self):
+        return self
+
+
+class Stub(Target):
+    async def exec(self, *args, **kwargs):
+        proc = await ProcStub(*args, **kwargs)()
+        if kwargs.get('wait', True):
+            await proc.wait()
+        return proc

shlaxfile.py

@@ -1,15 +1,20 @@
-#!/usr/bin/env shlax
+#!/usr/bin/env python
 """
 Shlaxfile for shlax itself.
 """
 
 from shlax.shortcuts import *
 
-build = Buildah(
-    'quay.io/podman/stable',
-    Run('echo hi'),
-    commit='docker.io/yourlabs/shlax',
-    workdir='/app',
+shlax = Container(
+    build=Buildah(
+        Packages('python38', 'buildah', 'unzip', 'findutils', upgrade=False),
+        Copy('setup.py', 'shlax', '/app'),
+        Pip('/app'),
+        base='quay.io/podman/stable',
+        commit='shlax',
+    ),
 )
 
-build()
+
+if __name__ == '__main__':
+    print(Group(doc=__doc__).load(shlax).entry_point())

tests/test_image.py

@@ -0,0 +1,27 @@
+import pytest
+import os
+
+from shlax.image import Image
+
+
+tests = {
+    'docker://a.b:1337/re/po:x,y': ('docker', 'a.b:1337', 're/po', 'x,y'),
+    'docker://a.b/re/po:x,y': ('docker', 'a.b', 're/po', 'x,y'),
+    'a.b:1337/re/po:x,y': (None, 'a.b:1337', 're/po', 'x,y'),
+    'a.b/re/po:x,y': (None, 'a.b', 're/po', 'x,y'),
+    're/po:x,y': (None, None, 're/po', 'x,y'),
+    're/po': (None, None, 're/po', 'latest'),
+    'docker://re/po': ('docker', None, 're/po', 'latest'),
+    'docker://re/po:x,y': ('docker', None, 're/po', 'x,y'),
+}
+
+@pytest.mark.parametrize(
+    'arg,expected', [(k, dict(
+        backend=v[0], registry=v[1], repository=v[2], tags=v[3].split(',')
+    )) for k, v in tests.items()]
+)
+def test_args(arg, expected):
+    Image.ENV_TAGS = []
+    im = Image(arg)
+    for k, v in expected.items():
+        assert getattr(im, k) == v

tests/test_output.py

@@ -0,0 +1,24 @@
+import pytest
+from shlax.output import Output
+
+
+class Write:
+    def __init__(self):
+        self.output = ''
+    def __call__(self, out):
+        self.output += out.decode('utf8')
+
+
+@pytest.fixture
+def write():
+    return Write()
+
+
+def test_output_regexps(write):
+    output = Output(
+        regexps={'^(.*)$': '{red}\\1'},
+        write=write,
+        flush=lambda: None,
+    )
+    output('foo')
+    assert write.output.strip() == output.colors['red'] + 'foo' + output.colors['reset']

tests/test_target.py

@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 import pytest
 
-from shlax.targets.base import Target
+from shlax.targets.stub import Stub
 from shlax.actions.run import Run
 from shlax.actions.parallel import Parallel
 from shlax.result import Result
@@ -11,25 +11,22 @@ class Error:
         raise Exception('lol')
 
 
-class Target(Target):
-    def exec(self, *args):
-        print(*args)
-
-
 @pytest.mark.asyncio
 async def test_success():
     action = Run('echo hi')
-    target = Target(action)
+    target = Stub(action)
     await target()
-    assert action.status == 'success'
+    assert target.results[0].action == action
+    assert target.results[0].status == 'success'
 
 
 @pytest.mark.asyncio
 async def test_error():
     action = Error()
-    target = Target(action)
+    target = Stub(action)
     await target()
-    assert action.status == 'failure'
+    assert target.results[0].action == action
+    assert target.results[0].status == 'failure'
 
 
 @pytest.mark.asyncio
@@ -41,13 +38,14 @@ async def test_nested():
             await target(nested)
     nesting = Nesting()
 
-    target = Target(nesting)
+    target = Stub(nesting)
     await target()
 
     assert len(target.results) == 2
-    assert target.results == [nested, nesting]
     assert target.results[0].status == 'failure'
+    assert target.results[0].action == nested
     assert target.results[1].status == 'failure'
+    assert target.results[1].action == nesting
 
 
 @pytest.mark.asyncio
@@ -56,12 +54,48 @@ async def test_parallel():
     looser = Error()
     parallel = Parallel(winner, looser)
 
-    target = Target(parallel)
+    target = Stub(parallel)
     await target()
     assert len(target.results) == 3
     assert target.results[0].status == 'success'
-    assert target.results[0] == winner
+    assert target.results[0].action == winner
     assert target.results[1].status == 'failure'
-    assert target.results[1] == looser
+    assert target.results[1].action == looser
     assert target.results[2].status == 'failure'
-    assert target.results[2] == parallel
+    assert target.results[2].action == parallel
+
+
+@pytest.mark.asyncio
+async def test_function():
+    async def hello(target):
+        await target.exec('hello')
+    await Stub()(hello)
+
+
+@pytest.mark.asyncio
+async def test_method():
+    class Example:
+        def __init__(self):
+            self.was_called = False
+        async def test(self, target):
+            self.was_called = True
+
+    example = Example()
+    action = example.test
+    target = Stub()
+    await target(action)
+    assert example.was_called
+
+
+@pytest.mark.asyncio
+async def test_target_action():
+    child = Stub(Run('echo hi'))
+    parent = Stub(child)
+
+    grandpa = Stub()
+    await grandpa(parent)
+    assert len(grandpa.results) == 3
+
+    grandpa = Stub(parent)
+    await grandpa()
+    assert len(grandpa.results) == 3